Introduction:

Water is indeed a wonderful chemical medium which has unique properties of dissolved carrying suspension huge varieties of chemicals. Natural surface water bodies impurities from natural and man-made activities. Other day by day creating water pollution problem, particular in fresh water system. In recent years, continuous explosive growth in population, rapid industrialization and development, the rate of discharge of the pollutants into the environment is very higher than the rates of their self purification. According to the estimation of WHO about 80% water pollution in developing countries like the India is caused by domestic wastes.

The water of Paiswani river is the main source of drinking water for the people of Chitrakoot and its surrounding areas from U.P. to M.P. border. Previously the river water was pollution free due to less anthropogenic interferences. Presently, the number of inhabitants on the banks of the river is increasing very fast. As the inhabitants of the river bank belong to the section below the poverty line, the river Mandakini originates from the hills of near Pindra village, Majhagawan Block, District Satna, M.P. at an elevation of 156 m above mean sea level in the state of Madhya Pradesh of northern India. Whole watershed area is 1956.3 sq. km. The river passes through two states especially between M.P. and U.P. states. Sati Anusuiya is a perennial reach of Mandakini river where a large number of small spring feed the river. Afterwards it passes through various religious and non- religious points. The number of drains carrying wastewater of town joining the river at various points increasing the pollution load of the river and altering its water quality (Agrawal 1996; Tiwari and Chaturvedi 2011; Tiwari and Chaturvedi 2012; Chaurasia and Karan, 2013; Sikrwar, 2013).

MATERIALS and METHODS:

Physical and chemical analysis of the river Mandakini is conducted during the month of February to April 2015. Locations of sampling station were given in the table. Sampling was done in accordance with grab sampling method in polyethylene bottle of one litre capacity to avoided leaching of metals and interaction with the surface wall of the container, bottles were first cleaned with detergent and then socked in 1:1 HNO3 for 24 hours.

Finally the bottles were cleaned and rinsed with distilled water. During sampling bottles were rinsed two to three times with the sample to be examined before filling with it. Samples were collected by immersing the rinsed bottles in river waters. All the samples were labeled, showing the source date and time of collection. The samples were refrigerated at 4⁰C in the laboratory. The water quality parameters were checked for physicochemical and bacteriological parameters as per standard methods before and after the treatment (NEERI, 1986; APHA, 2005; Saxena, 1994).

Table 1. Details of sampling stations

S. No	Description of sampling location
1.	Sphatikshila ghat (S1)
2.	Arogyadham ghat(S2)
3.	Panjabi Bhagwan ghat(S3)
4.	Goyanka ghat(S4)
5.	Ramghat(S5)

RESULT AND DISSCUSTION:

Human activity commonly observed along rivers of Mandakini:

The following human activities were observed during sampling of river at various locations; religious, tourism, bathing, washing, open defecation, cultivation, sand, stone and gravel recovery, stone crushing, road construction, mining, cremation; fishing, surface drainage, irrigation, drinking water intake, rafting wildlife habitat, etc. Beside these human activities, the river ecology is significantly affected by land sliding and forest fire activities. The preliminary investigations Mandakini river water quality in Chitrakoot varied drastically among different sites of river. We referred the standard ranges for different chemicals in drinking water as prescribed by WHO (2004). Understanding the groundwater quality is important as it is the main factor determining its suitability for drinking, domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes Table 2-3 and Figure 1-7 illustrates the physico-chemical parameters of Mandakini river water, indicating the average values.

Tablex2. Physicals parameters of Mandakini river water

S.N.	Parameters	Sampling stations
S.N.	Parameters	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
1	Colour	Colourless	Colourless	Colourless	Colourless	Colourless
2	Odor	Odorless	Odorless	Odorless	Odorless	Odorless
3	Taste	Tastless	Tastless	Tastless	Tastless	Tastless
4	TSS mg/l	2.8	35.6	344.0	15.0	55.0
5	TDS mg/l	252.0	360.8	332.0	444.8	890.0
6	TS mg/l	254.0	396.4	676.0	429.8	945.0
7	Tempreture ⁰C	20⁰C	20⁰C	21⁰C	22⁰C	24⁰C

Note: Arogyadham Ghat - S1, Sphatikshila Ghat – S2, Panjabi Bhagwan Ghat – S3, Goyanka Ghat - S4, Ramghat – S5

Table 3. Chemicals parameters of Mandakini river water

S.N.	Parameters	Sampling stations
S.N.	Parameters	S1	S2	S3	S4	S5
1	EC µS/cm	395.0	439.0	343.0	440.0	418.0
2	pH	7.80	7.23	7.76	7.4 0	7.50
3	Total alkalinity	100.0	280.0	116.0	160.0	160.0
4	Total hardness as CaCO₃mg/l	300.0	412	280.0	448.0	366.0
5	Ca hardness as Ca mg/l	82.42	84.10	35.32	37.0	31.11
6	Ca hardness as CaCO₃ mg/l	205.8	210.0	88.2	92.4	77.7
7	Magnesium as CaCO₃mg/l	22.98	49.28	46.79	86.76	70.34
8	Chloride mg/l	99.27	99.27	70.0	70.91	141.82
9	Fluoride mg/l	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5	0.5
10	Iron mg/l	0.61	0.2	0.15	0.2	0.2
11	Nitrate mg/l	1.44	0.279	0.219	0.311	0.027
12	DO mg/l	9.0	7.0	9.0	6.4	4.0
13	BOD mg/l	1.0	2.4	1.4	2.8	3.8
14	COD mg/l	19.84	20.0	80.0	70.0	70.0

Physical parameters:

Colour:

Colour of water is generally depending upon the production and degradation process in the natural environment.

Temperature:

It is important factor for calculating the solubility of oxygen and carbon dioxide, bicarbonate equilibrium. The temperature of water which is an ideal for the biological activities of micro -organism is 20-25 ⁰C. Variance in temperature may be minimum 20C was found in Sphatikshila ghat, and maximum 24 ⁰C found in Ramghat.

Total dissolve solids (TDS):

Total dissolve solids values minimum found 252.0 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat, and maximum values found 890.0 mg/l in Ramghat.

Total suspended solid (TSS):

It is the amount of solid suspended in the water. Total suspended solid value minimum was found 2.8 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat, and maximum value found 415 mg/l in Goyanka ghat.

Total solid (TS):

Total solids of water were minimum value found 254.0 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat, and maximum value was found 945.0 mg/l in Ramghat.

Chemical Parameters:

The pH is a measure of the intensity of acidity or alkalinity and ensure the concentration of hydrogen ion in water. A low value, below 4.0 will produce sour taste and higher value above 8.5 shows alkaline taste. Minimum pH value was found 7.23 mg/l in Sphatikshila ghat, and maximum pH value was found 7.80 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat. Electrical conductivity is the measure of capacity of a substance or solution to conduct electric current. EC value was observed minimum 343.0 mg/l in Panjabi Bhagwan ghat, and maximum value was found 440.0 mg/l in Goyanka ghat. Total alkalinity of water is its capacity to neutralize strong acid and is characterized by the presence of hydroxyl ion capable of combining with hydrogen ions. Total alkalinity of river water sample minimum concentration was found 100.0 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat, and maximum concentration was found 280.0 mg/l in Sphatikshila ghat. The total hardness of water is the sum of concentration of alkaline earth metal cation present in it calcium and magnesium is the major portion of the hardness occurring in natural water. Minimum concentration was found 280.0 mg/l in Panjabi Bhagwan ghat, and maximum concentration was found 448.0 mg/l in Goyanka ghat. Calcium is found in great abundance in all natural waters and its sources lies in the rocks from which it is leached. Minimum concentration of calcium was found 31.11 mg/l in Ramghat, and maximum concentration was found 84.10 mg/l in Sphatikshila ghat. The minimum concentration of magnesium was found 22.984 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat, and maximum concentration was found 356.0 mg/l in Goyanka ghat. While a concentration above 50 mg/l import water an unpleasant taste and renders it unfit for drinking purpose. The minimum chloride concentration of water sample was found 70.0 mg/l in Panjabi Bhagwan ghat, and maximum concentration found 141.82 mg/l in Ramghat. The main sources of fluoride in water are different fluoride bearing rocks. The maximum concentration were found 0.5 mg/l in all 5 sampling station. Iron is found in all natural water both in oxidized to ferric state, and reduced form in ferrous state. The iron concentration were found 0.2 mg/l something in all sampling station. Nitrate is an important plant nutrient, when present in excess it causes ubiquitous growth of algae, often present in blooms. The nitrate content was found 1.44 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat. Oxygen dissolve in water from two sources diffusion from air these are physical phenomenon and photosynthetic activity is a biological phenomenon. Minimum concentration was found 4.0 mg/l in Ramghat, and maximum concentration was found 9.0 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat. Biochemical oxygen demand is usually as the amount of oxygen required by bacteria in stabilizing the decomposable organic matter. Minimum concentration of BOD was found 1.0 mg/l in Arogyadham ghat, and maximum concentration of BOD was found 3.8 mg/l in Ramghat. The concentration of COD was found 80.0 mg/l in Panjabi Bhagwan ghat.

CONCLUSION:

The water quality of the Mandakini river under study has confirmed that the pollution load of upstream of Mandakini river is less as compared to downstream. The pollution load specially of biological oxygen demand (BOD) and dissolved oxygen (DO) decreases towards downstream. From the study it is revealed that untreated sewage, human excreta and non degradable material are directly discharged into the Mandakini river every day. It can therefore be concluded that the downstream of Mandakini river that lies around Chitrakoot is heavily polluted and the water of this river is not suitable for drinking, bathing and other domestic uses. To keep the river living and useful it is necessary to take some conservation work early.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

Authors are thankful to the Vice- Chancellor of Awadhesh Pratap Singh University, Rewa (M.P.) and Shri Abhay Mahajan, Organizing Secretary, Deendayal Research Institute, Chitrakoot Satna (M.P.) for providing facilities to carry out this research work.

REFERENCES:

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Received on 31.03.2016 Modified on 25.04.2016

Research J. Science and Tech. 2016; 8(2):71-76

DOI: 10.5958/2349-2988.2016.00009.7